On May 4, 2016, the Haidian District People's Court in Beijing published an article on its website entitled "Haidian Court Completes Investigation in Nation's First Case of 'Right to be Forgotten'" (海淀法院审结全国首例“被遗忘权”案) Some excerpts:
According to the text of the court judgments, the parties implicated were:
Ren Jiayu sued Baidu because:
Ren was objecting to what Baidu refers to as "Related Searches" (相关搜索). In the screenshot below the "related searches" for "Xi Jinping" are outlined in red.
The court characterized Baidu's "Related Search" functionality this way:
Moving on to the question of law, the court found that the six terms that Ren Jiayu had complained were infringing "did not either on their face or in fact have any judgmental implications, and in and of themselves were merely reference terms indicating their usage in online information retrieval." (本身并无表面及实质性的褒贬含义，本质仍属供网络信息检索使用之参考词汇). Furthermore, Ren apparently did in fact have a prior relationship with Taoshi Education, as the court found:
The court therefore rejected Ren Jiayu's claim of infringement of his right to reputation:
As for the second and third criteria, the court found that Ren Jiayu arguably did have an "interest" in this case, because there was potentially a direct connection between Ren Jiayu and the information that he wanted "forgotten," to the extent that it could have an adverse impact on his professional reputation, which in turn could jeopardize his ability to recruit students and enjoy other employment opportunities and economic interests.
The court held, however, that Ren Jiayu's "interest" in having information "forgotten" was not "legitimate and requiring the protection of the law."
Recently the Haidian Court concluded a case involving a lawsuit filed by Plaintiff Ren against a certain Internet Services Company for infringement of the right of reputation, name, and general personality. On May 13, 2014, a European court issued a final judgment confirming that ordinary citizens have a "right to be forgotten" with respect to personal information, and following that the European Union has established the scope of a "right to be forgotten." During the two year period following the European court's recognition of the "right to be forgotten," the Haidian Court has concluded proceedings in the first case involving the scope of judicial protection of the "right to be forgotten" for a citizen's personal information. This case study has significant theoretical and practical value with respect to the issue of how China will conduct regulatory development and judicial practice to safeguard the "right to be forgotten" for personal information in the Internet age.It is unclear why the announcement refused to use the full names of the parties involved, particularly given that at the time the full text of both the decisions of the lower court and the court of appeals were available online without any of the parties' names being redacted. See:
Mr. Ren's work related to various fields in the area of administration education, such as human resources management and business administration. Beginning on July 1, 2014 he performed educational work in those areas for a company in Wuxi. On November 26, 2014, that technology company issued a "Notice of Automatic Termination" to Mr. Ren, terminating the parties' labor relationship. A certain Internet service company was a commercial provider of search link services such as web page search and related search.
近日，海淀法院审结了原告任某某诉被告某网络服务公司侵犯名誉权、姓名权、一般人格权（“被遗忘权”）一案。2014年5月13日，欧盟法院作出了确认普通公民对个人信息拥有“被遗忘权”终审裁定，进而在欧盟范围确立了“被遗忘权”。在该权利被欧盟法院确认近两周年之际，海淀法院依法审结了公民个人信息“被遗忘权”司法保护领域的全国首例案件。该案件对我国在网络时代如何保护个人信息的“被遗忘权”问题进行了有益的规则探索和司法实践，具有理论和实务的重大研究意义。
任某某系人力资源管理、企事业管理等管理学领域的从业人员，其于2014年7月1日起在无锡某公司从事过相关的教育工作。2014年11月26日，该科技公司向任某某发出了《自动离职通知书》，解除了双方劳动关系。某网络服务公司系提供网页搜索、相关搜索等搜索链接服务的提供商。
- Court of First Instance: http://openlaw.cn/judgement/871644297dbd4481a1ba9c55ae2c2f3c
- Court of Appeals: http://wenshu.court.gov.cn/content/content?DocID=789e76ed-c084-41bb-8e75-a092cba58912
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| Screenshot of the Ren Jiayu Court of Appeals Decision on court.gov.cn. |
- Ren Jiayu (任甲玉), a designer and engineer born in 1972.
- Beijing Baidu Network Data Technology Company Limited (北京百度网讯科技有限公司)
- Taoshi Education (陶氏教育)
- Beijing Daoyaxuan Commercial Trading Company Limited (北京道雅轩商贸有限公司)
Ren Jiayu sued Baidu because:
Beijing Daoyaxuan Commercial Trading Company Limited (Party A) and Ren Jiayu (Party B) negotiated a mutually agreed voluntary formal termination of their labor agreement relationship to take place on March 12, 2015, with the termination grounds being, after Party A hired Party B on a trial basis, it was discovered that "Wuxi Taoshi Education Ren Jiayu" was appearing online on Baidu, and that many people believed that Taoshi Education was a dishonest company, with some going so far as to claim it was an evil cult. Because Party A required that the work performed by Party B be beyond reproach, both parties voluntarily terminated the contract.
北京道雅轩商贸有限公司（甲方）与任甲玉（乙方）协商一致自愿于2015年3月12日正式解除劳动合同关系，解除理由是自甲方聘用乙方并开始试用后，发现百度网络上显示“无锡陶氏教育任甲玉”，陶氏教育被很多人称为骗子公司，甚至有人说是邪教，因甲方对乙方从事的工作需要对信誉度要求高，双方自愿解除合同，原定甲方聘用乙方约定的60万元年薪，由于时间短，乙方同意甲方不支付任何工资和任何经济补偿。Ren Jiayu not only wanted Baidu to compensate him for the income he lost as a result of the termination of the labor contract, he also wanted the court to grant him injunctive relief against Baidu, specifically:
When entering "Ren Jiayu" into the Baidu search interface and conducting a search, the following six keywords shall not appear in the search results:As the court put it, Ren Jiayu had two specific requests:
在百度搜索界面中输入“任甲玉”进行搜索，搜索结果中不得出现“陶氏任甲玉”、“陶氏超能学习法”、“超能急速学习法”、“超能学习法”、“陶氏教育任甲玉”和“无锡陶氏教育任甲玉”等六个关键词。
- Taoshi Ren Jiayu
- Taoshi Super Study Method
- Super Fast Study Method
- Super Study Method
- Taoshi Education Ren Jiayu
- Wuxi Taoshi Education Ren Jiayu
First, directly or indirectly confirm that a company he had previously collaborated with, "Taoshi Education," did not have a good professional reputation, and second, attempt to conceal, at least on the Internet, his work history from potential students and education cooperation clients.This is probably a good point to pause and understand exactly what Ren Jiayu was objecting to. Ren did not claim that the "keywords" in question were appearing in Baidu's "organic" search results. That is, the listing of titles and snippets that generally take up the bulk of the space on a search result page.
两项具体的诉求意向:其一是正向或反向确认其曾经合作过的“陶氏教育”不具有良好商誉；其二是试图向后续的学生及教育合作客户至少在网络上隐瞒其曾经的工作经历。
Ren was objecting to what Baidu refers to as "Related Searches" (相关搜索). In the screenshot below the "related searches" for "Xi Jinping" are outlined in red.
The court characterized Baidu's "Related Search" functionality this way:
Baidu's so-called Related Search Terms are automatically generated by the search engine based on entry statistics for terms with a relatively high usage frequency over a given period of time and the searched words that were related to them.Ren believed he was entitled to relief in connection with the "Related Search" results displayed by Baidu because, according to him:
百度公司所称相关搜索词系由过去一定时期内使用频率较高且与当前搜索词相关联的词条统计而由搜索引擎自动生成，并非由于百度公司人为干预。
[He] never held a job at the Taoshi Education Company, and had never posted any information online about "Taoshi Education Ren Jiayu," "Wuxi Taoshi Education Ren Jiayu," etc., and because Taoshi Education is the subject of controversy, infringing information such as "Taoshi Education Ren Jiayu" and "Wuxi Taoshi Education Ren Jiayu" has caused extreme harm to [his] reputation.The court stated that the central question in this dispute was:
未曾在陶氏教育公司上班，也从未在网上上传过“陶氏教育任甲玉”、“无锡陶氏教育任甲玉”等信息，由于陶氏教育在外界颇受争议，“陶氏教育任甲玉”、“无锡陶氏教育任甲玉”等侵权信息给任甲玉名誉造成极大侵害。
Does Baidu's current technical model for "Related Searches" and the related service model constitute an infringement of the rights being advocated by Ren Jiayu in his lawsuit.The opening sentence of the court judgment states that Ren had brought suit against Baidu for:
百度公司现有“相关搜索”技术模式及相应服务模式本身是否对任甲玉主张的涉诉权益构成现实的侵犯。
[I]nfringement of the right to reputation, right to name, and the general right to personality.侵犯名誉权、姓名权、一般人格权。In addressing Ren's claim, the court considered one question of fact and one question of law:
- Question of Fact: Were the terms displayed by Baidu's "Related Search" service that referred to Ren Jiayu subject to any human interference?
- Question of Law: Did the technology model of Baidu's "Related Search" and the search service provided by the related service model constitute an infringement of Ren Jiayu's right to name, right to reputation, and the so-called "right to be forgotten" within the ordinary right to personality advocated by Ren Jiayu.
- 百度公司“相关搜索”服务显示的涉及任甲玉的检索词是否受到了该公司人为干预？
- 百度公司“相关搜索”技术模式及相应服务模式提供的搜索服务是否构成对任甲玉的姓名权、名誉权及任甲玉主张的一般人格权中的所谓“被遗忘权”的侵犯？
Moving on to the question of law, the court found that the six terms that Ren Jiayu had complained were infringing "did not either on their face or in fact have any judgmental implications, and in and of themselves were merely reference terms indicating their usage in online information retrieval." (本身并无表面及实质性的褒贬含义，本质仍属供网络信息检索使用之参考词汇). Furthermore, Ren apparently did in fact have a prior relationship with Taoshi Education, as the court found:
Based on Ren Jiayu's statements in court, he did in fact engage in actual commercial collaboration with Taoshi Education which was publicized in the media, and that commercial collaboration and publication information was being reflected on the Internet.
根据任甲玉的法庭陈述，其之前确实与陶氏教育有过现实的业务合作与媒体宣传，这些业务合作与宣传信息反映在互联网上。Given that it had already been established that Ren Jiayu did in fact have a prior relationship with Taoshi Education, the appearance of those terms was "an objective reflection of the history of Ren Jiayu's educational work with enterprises associated with Taoshi." (任甲玉从事与陶氏相关企业教育工作的历史情况的客观反映。)
The court therefore rejected Ren Jiayu's claim of infringement of his right to reputation:
Seeing as there exists neither a situation where words are being used to insult, nor a situation where facts are being fabricated to defame, it is clear that there exists no infringing act of insult or defamation with respect to Ren Jiayu. Therefore the aforementioned circumstances of Baidu's Related Search clearly does not constitute an infringement of Ren Jiayu's right to reputation.
既不存在使用言辞进行侮辱的情况，也不具有捏造事实传播进行诽谤的情况，明显不存在对任甲玉进行侮辱、诽谤等侵权行为，故百度公司相关搜索的前述情形显然不构成对任甲玉名誉权的侵犯。The court similarly rejected Ren Jiayu's claim of infringement of his right to name, which the court described as the right to "prohibit third parties from interfering with, misappropriating, or passing off as" one's own name. The court held:
Given that there has been no action by Baidu implicating human intervention in the "Related Search" terms regarding "Ren Jiayu," and nothing was specifically directed at a specific individual, then as regards something mechanical like "Related Search," the process whereby the relevant algorithm gathers and process the three characters "Ren Jiayu" is merely combining a string of characters, and does not constitute a meaningful name.
既然百度公司并无人为干预“相关搜索”有关“任甲玉”词条的行为，没有特定个人的特定指向，那么，对于作为机器的“搜索引擎”而言，“任甲玉”这三个字在相关算法的收集与处理过程中就是一串字符组合，并无姓名的指代意义。Having established that Ren Jiayu had no claims for the protection of any commonly recognized rights of personhood, the court turned its attention to whether or not a new "right to be forgotten" should be recognized as existing within the broader framework of the ”general right of personhood" (一般人格权). The court first clarified that foreign law would not form the basis of its decision:
China's law as it exists today is unable to define a category of rights that is the so-called "right to be forgotten." The "right to be forgotten" is only touched upon in foreign statutory and case law, which cannot serve as the legal basis for China's protection of this kind of right.
我国现行法中并无法定称谓为“被遗忘权”的权利类型，“被遗忘权”只是在国外有关法律及判例中有所涉及，但其不能成为我国此类权利保护的法律渊源。The court defined three criteria for determining whether such a right could be found within China's own Tort Law:
The right to personhood or general right to personhood protects the subject's personal interests, and encompasses both those personal interests that have already been categorized as legally defined rights, as well as those legitimate legal interests that have not been so categorized but which should receive the protection of law. With respect to the latter, the following three criteria must be met simultaneously: they must not encompass those rights which have already been categorized, and they must be rights which are both legitimate and which require protection.The first criteria was met because, as noted earlier, the court had found that the right that Ren Jiayu was asking the court to protect in this case was not covered by existing rights such as the right to reputation or the right to name.
人格权或一般人格权保护的对象是人格利益，既包括已经类型化的法定权利中所指向的人格利益，也包括未被类型化但应受法律保护的正当法益。就后者而言，必须不能涵盖到既有类型化权利之中，且具有利益的正当性及保护的必要性，三者必须同时具备。
As for the second and third criteria, the court found that Ren Jiayu arguably did have an "interest" in this case, because there was potentially a direct connection between Ren Jiayu and the information that he wanted "forgotten," to the extent that it could have an adverse impact on his professional reputation, which in turn could jeopardize his ability to recruit students and enjoy other employment opportunities and economic interests.
The court held, however, that Ren Jiayu's "interest" in having information "forgotten" was not "legitimate and requiring the protection of the law."
It is inappropriate to make an abstract assessment of whether a company's reputation is good or bad, or the cause-and-effect relationship a company's reputation may create. Furthermore there is also the latent competitive relationship between Ren Jiayu and Taoshi Education's affiliated enterprises given their operate in identical or closely-related professions. As regards the latter, the information at issue in this lawsuit regarding Ren Jiayu's work history relates to very recent events, and he continues to work in the business administration education profession. This information happens to form a portion of his professional history, and his current individual professional credibility is both of directly relevant and of ongoing concern. Ren Jiayu hopes to make use of his own good reputation in the industry to attract customers and students going forward, but information about his personal qualification is important information that customers and students rely on in making a judgment. Ren Jiayu's collaboration with Taoshi Education affiliated enterprises did not occur at a time when he was a minor or a person with limited or non-existent competence, and there existed no other legal basis for providing special protections to him as a member of a special group.
不宜抽象地评价商誉好坏及商誉产生后果的因果联系，何况任甲玉目前与陶氏教育相关企业之间仍具有同业或相近行业的潜在竞争关系。就后者而言，涉诉工作经历信息是任甲玉最近发生的情况，其目前仍在企业管理教育行业工作，该信息正是其行业经历的组成部分，与其目前的个人行业资信具有直接的相关性及时效性；任甲玉希望通过自己良好的业界声誉在今后吸引客户或招收学生，但是包括任甲玉工作经历在内的个人资历信息正是客户或学生藉以判断的重要信息依据，也是作为教师诚实信用的体现，这些信息的保留对于包括任甲玉所谓潜在客户或学生在内的公众知悉任甲玉的相关情况具有客观的必要性。任甲玉在与陶氏相关企业从事教育业务合作时并非未成年人或限制行为能力人、无行为能力人，其并不存在法律上对特殊人群予以特殊保护的法理基础。
